Presentation for the AAAS Pacific Division 99th annual conference at Cal Poly Pomona. Presented June 13 2018 at 9:00 PST
Dark Matter Dark Energy Theory
“When one studies the movement of matter in and around galaxies, then it appears that up to about 10 times more mass is pulling at the matter (through its gravity) than is accounted for in the visible stars. This is the “missing-mass” problem. If this factor of ten holds throughout the Universe, then the total mass in the Universe would be about 6 x 1052 kg.” Mass, Size, and Density of the Universe .
https://people.cs.umass.edu/~immerman/stanford/universe.html
Milky Way
I have been reading about dark matter and dark energy. The science journals state that dark matter and dark energy comprises about 70 per cent of our universe.
The question I keep pondering is where do all those light photons from all those stars go. Only a very small percentages of those photons hit an object like the planets, moons, black holes or other stars, the rest just stream away into space.
Each photon of light is a small energy packet. Could they slow down after billions of years, if so how?
Then one day I was reading one of these science journals on my smart phone and the answer was
“In a paper published February 18, 2018, in the journal Science, the team, led by Vladan Vuletic, the Lester Wolfe Professor of Physics at MIT, and Professor Mikhail Lukin from Harvard University, reports that it has observed groups of three photons interacting and, in effect, sticking together to form a completely new kind of photonic matter.
In controlled experiments, the researchers found that when they shone a very weak laser beam through a dense cloud of ultra cold rubidium atoms, rather than exiting the cloud as single, randomly spaced photons, the photons bound together in pairs or triplets, suggesting some kind of interaction — in this case, attraction — taking place among them.
While photons normally have no mass and travel at 300,000 kilometers per second (the speed of light), the researchers found that the bound photons actually acquired a fraction of an electron’s mass. These newly weighed-down light particles were also relatively sluggish, traveling about 100,000 times slower than normal noninteracting photons.”
https://knowridge.com/2018/03/physicists-create-new-form-of-light/
I sent an email to professor Vuletic asking if he would send me a picture of his Lab. They sent me this
“Here is a picture showing the control field entering our experimental chamber (which is on the top left).” <avenkatramani@g.harvard.edu>
Pillars of Creation
My theory is that dark matter and dark energy are photons that have bound into pairs and triplets with an increase in mass.
Mother Nature with her deep space laboratory at about 2.7 degrees Kelvin, should be able to bind photons into double or triplet photons from all those photons that have been generated from billions of stars over billions of years back to mass just as water vapor turns back into rain, sleet and snow.
How Many Stars Are in the Milky Way?
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor March 29, 2018 09:40pm ET “So is there any way to figure out how many stars (there) are for sure? In the end, it comes down to an estimate. In one calculation, the Milky Way has a mass of about 100 billion solar masses, so it is easiest to translate that to 100 billion stars. This accounts for the stars that would be bigger or smaller than our sun, and averages them out. However, the mass is tough to calculate — other estimates have said the galaxy has a mass of between 400 billion and 700 billion solar masses.” https://www.space.com/25959-how-many-stars-are-in-the-milky-way.html
How Many Galaxies Are There?
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | March 19, 2018 10:21pm ET “While estimates among different experts vary, an acceptable range is between 100 billion and 200 billion galaxies, said Mario Livio, an astrophysicist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. When the James Webb Space Telescope launches in 2020, the observatory is expected to reveal even more information about early galaxies in the universe.”
https://www.space.com/25303-how-many-galaxies-are-in-the-universe.html
I now know that the Milky Way is our galaxy with 100 to 400 billion stars, and
there are about 100 to 200 billion galaxies the size of the Milky Way in the universe.
If we use 250 billion stars per galaxy as an average and 150 billion galaxies.
Then that means there are about 3.75 x 1022 stars in the universe.
How many photons did the sun emit yesterday?
Anson, Erik “ Estimates that N = 1.6 x 10 50 /day” or
N = 1.85 x 1045 photons /s.”
Johnson’s, Harvey Chemistry Class used the work of John Herschel Posted on March 26, 2013 “So there are approximately: N = 1 x 1045 photons every second!” to determine the number of photons ejected from the sun.
So the average is about N = 1.3 x 1045 photons /second.
There are 3.15 x 107 seconds per year and the number of photons per second is about N = 1.3 x 1045photons/s. This means there are about 4.1 x 1052 photons that our sun generates per year.
Now if we consider our sun to be average and that it has been generating photons for 10 Billion years and there are about 3.75 x 1022 stars in the universe.
Then if we assume 4.1 x 1052 photons per star times 3.75 x 1022 stars times 10 x 109 years = about 1.53 x 1085 photons out there in the universe.
We learned in physic that matter cannot be created or destroyed, but matter can be turned into energy by Einstein’s formula E = Mc2 .
I know that photons are not suppose to have any mass, but if we assume they do we can calculate the mass of the 1.53 x 1085 photons out there in space by converting Einstein’s formula to M=E/c2.
So if we use as an average the energy of a photon with a wave length of 575 nm is 3.46 x 10-19 J, which is in the middle of the visible light spectrum.
Then E(of 3 photons of 575 nm wave length) = 3.46 x 10-19 J x 3 = 10.38 x 10-19 J
And the mass of 3 photons is
M(c=3Km/s) = 10.38 x 10-19 J/(9 x 106 m2/sec2) = 1.15 x 10-13 Kg
Now then E (of 1.53 x 1085 photons of 575 nm wave length) = 3.46 x 10-19 J x 1.53 x 1085 = 5.3 x 1066 J.
Now if we calculate the mass of photons at
M(c=3 x108 m/s) = E/c2 = 5.3 x 1066 J /(9 x1016 m2/sec2) = 5.88 x 1049 Kg.
For conservation of mass and energy if all the photons were reduced to a speed of 3 K m/s then we must increase the mass by 1 x 1010 then
M(c=3Km/s) = 5.3 x 1066 J/(9 x 106 m2/sec2)
= 5.88 x 1059 Kg.
Ok to reiterate
The Mass, Size, and Density of the Universe
is 6 x 1052 Kg .
If these photons slow down to 3 kilometers per second then M(c=3Km/s) = 5.88 x 1059 Kg.
This more than accounts for the “missing-mass” problem.
Orion-Nebula
If my theory that dark matter and dark energy are photons that have bound into pairs and triplets with an increase in mass proves correct we could call this Light Matter and Light energy.
As these pairs or triple photons have mass, they should not be able to pass through our atmosphere, but they could be detected in space.
My challenge to you is to prove my theory wrong or correct.
Thank you very much it has been a privilege and honor to speak to you today.
In the question and answer session
A photon an electromagnetic pulse it is like a gyroscope on a nanometer scale where the electro component is the Y axis and the magnetic component spins around the X axis.
My theory is if a second photon of the same wave length binds to the first photon, it would be oriented in the Y Z plane and a third photon also of the same wave length would bind to these two photons in the Z X plane, coexisting in the same space with their electromagnetic forces binding together.
The speed of these triple photons would be compromised as each photon would try to move in a different direction and their combined speed would be 3 Km/s in one direction.
Some of the above texts has been Copyright per
Registration Number
TXu 2-088-971
Effective Date of Registration
March 07, 2018